Unit 1 Translation

Although much previous research has described the associations between smoking and poor physical health, few studies have examined the associations of smoking status with health-related quality of life and health behaviors among non-institutionalized adults. (L8)

虽然许多先前的研究描述了吸烟与身体健康状况不佳之间的联系，但很少有研究调查了未被收容在社会福利机构中的成年人中吸烟状况、与健康相关的生活质量、健康行为之间的关联。

Examining the associations among smoking, HRQOL, and health behaviors appears to be particularly important for identifying behaviors and conditions linked with smoking that may further jeopardize the health of smokers in the U.S. population. (L12)

研究吸烟、与健康相关的生活质量和健康行为之间的关系对于识别与吸烟相关的行为和状况显得尤为重要，这些行为和状况可能会进一步危害美国吸烟者的健康。

Nine HRQOL questions with demonstrated validity and reliability for population health surveillance were examined. (L37)

本研究对九个在人群健康监测中具有效度和信度的与健康相关的生活质量问题进行了调查。

General health was assessed by asking respondents to rate their health on a scale from excellent to poor. (L38)

总体健康状况是通过要求受访者对自身健康状况从优到差进行评分来评估的。

Additionally, previous research in this area has yielded inconsistent results. (L284)

此外，该领域的先前研究得出了不一致的结果。

Most notably, these results reveal that in addition to being associated with increased alcohol consumption and affective disturbance, smoking among community dwellers is also associated with physical inactivity, sleep impairment, and inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables. (L301)

最值得注意的是，这些结果表明，社区居民吸烟除了与饮酒增加和情感障碍有关外，还与缺乏体能活动、睡眠障碍以及果蔬摄入不足有关。

Unit 2 Translation

In the week-long unit during their science classes, students participate in an eight-question, paper-and-pencil assessment prior to and following participation in the unit creating a matched sample comparison.

在为期一周的科学课单元中，学生们在单元学习前和学习后各参加了一次由八个问题组成的书面评估，依此来创建匹配性样本比较。

In the first activity, students view short video clips as an introduction to the global warming phenomenon and calculate their ecological footprint using an on-line ecological footprint calculator.

在第一项活动中，学生们会观看介绍全球变暖现象的短片，并使用线上生态足迹计算器来计算他们的生态足迹。

At the end of the fourth activity, all students participate in an on-line discussion to share their knowledge as a completion of the jigsaw activity and learn about the factor that they did not investigate.

在第四项活动结束时，所有的学生会参与在线讨论来分享他们在拼图活动中所学的知识，并学习他们未参与调查的因素。

Each response received a score of 0 through 5 based on the correctness of the expressed ideas and links between the ideas.

依据所表达观点的正确性和观点之间的联系，每个回答会得到0-5分。

Combined, these data show that students improved their knowledge of individual concepts and that improves their understanding of the greenhouse effect and global warming phenomena.

这些数据合在一起表明：学生们增长了对单个概念的知识，从而提升了他们对温室效应和全球变暖现象的理解。

Although we do not see evidence of a complete, integrated understanding of the greenhouse effect and global warming for all students, we do see evidence that they are revising their knowledge.

虽然我们没有看到所有学生对温室效应和全球变暖都有完整的、综合的理解，但我们确实看到他们正在修正自己的知识。

Unit 3 Translation

In the opinion of most of the mothers, breast-feeding should be practiced for as long as 7 to 12 months, while a relatively small number (less than 12%) believed that breast-feeding should be restricted to only the first six months of life. (L107~L109)

大多数母亲认为，母乳喂养应长达7至12个月，而相对较少的母亲（不到12%）认为母乳喂养应仅限于婴儿出生后前6个月。

In marked contrast to their expressed beliefs, 43% of these mothers actually introduced supplementary feeding to their infants before one month, and as many as 81% used supplementary foods for infants from birth to three months. (L123~L126)

与她们表达的看法形成鲜明对比的是，这些母亲中在婴儿不满一个月时就引入辅食的占43%，从婴儿出生到满三个月这段时间使用辅食的高达81%。

Equally evident from the present study was the wide discrepancy between the actual infant-feeding practice of the women and their expressed views on what the practice ought to be. (L217~L220)

本研究同样明显表明，这些母亲喂养婴儿的实际做法与她们指出的适当做法大不相同。

It is noteworthy, however, that urban mothers retain their belief that “breast is best” and that despite the difficulties, over 98% of mothers still manage to breast-feed for an average of two to three months. (L225~L227)

然而，值得注意的是：城市母亲仍然相信“母乳喂养最好”；尽管存在困难，但98%以上的母亲仍然设法平均用母乳喂养婴儿两到三个月。

Findings in the present study were consistent with the view that childhood malnutrition is more a result of objective conditions of people’s lives than ignorance on the mother’s part. (L247~L249)

本研究的发现与以下观点一致：儿童营养不良更多地是由于人们生活的客观条件，而非母亲的无知。

In addition, government policies in developing countries should address the severe poverty of urban immigrants that prevents them from being able to feed their children properly. (L264~L266)

此外，发展中国家的政府政策应解决城市移民的严重贫困问题，因为该问题导致他们无法妥善喂养孩子。

Unit 4 Translation

1. It is put forward in the risk assessment documents that the GM components of transformed plants are completely destroyed in the digestive tract of humans and animals, together with the other genetic material found in them.[para. C: 26-28]

风险评估文件指出，转基因植物中的转基因成分会与其中存在的其他遗传物质一起，在人类和动物的消化道中被完全降解。

2. Therefore females only got the standard laboratory feed without any supplementation, although it is acknowledged that the energy and protein content of this diet was less than in the other two groups. [para. E: 60-63]

因此，母鼠仅获得了标准实验室饲料，并且没有任何补充，尽管人们认识到这种饲料的能量和蛋白质含量低于其他两组。

3. The study of pup’s organs mass showed that the organs of small pups from GM group were tiny in comparison with the same of other groups except the brain mass. [para. I: 131-133]
   对幼崽器官重量的研究表明，与其他组相比，转基因组中的幼崽器官都很小，但脑重除外。

4. Since it is well established that raw soybean contains a number of anti-nutrients (Pusztai et. al., 1998), and also female hormone-like substances, it was thought to be necessary to compare these data also with those from a positive control group when animals were not exposed to any soya flour supplementation. [para. J:165-169]

由于已知生大豆含有多种抗营养素(Pusztai 等人, 1998)，还含有类雌激素物质，因此有必要将这些数据与未接受任何豆粉补充的阳性对照组的数据进行比较。

5. Upon delivery, very unexpectedly a very high rate of pup mortality (55.6%) was observed in the group of females whose diet was supplemented with the GM soya flour in comparison with the pups of both the positive control (6.8%) and the traditional soya flour supplemented (9%) groups. [para. L: 180-183]

在分娩后，令人非常意外的是，与阳性对照组（6.8%）和传统豆粉补充组（9%）的幼崽相比，食用添加了转基因大豆粉的雌鼠所生的幼崽死亡率非常高（55.6%）。

6. However, no mortality was observed with female rats, nor with the young pups survived, although they also began to eat the GM soya. [para. M: 195-197]

然而，母鼠和幸存的幼崽均未观察到出现死亡情况，尽管它们后来也开始食用转基因大豆。

Unit 5 Translation

1. The characteristics and frequency of scientific fraud, therefore, are generally unknown, and its impact on medical research is unclear.

因此学术欺诈的各种特征以及发生的频繁程度通常很难为人知晓，其对医学研究造成的影响也很难确定。

2. In the questionnaire, fraud was defined as a deliberate attempt to mislead others in the design, conduct, analysis, or reporting of a study.

在调查问卷中，学术欺诈被定义为在研究设计、执行、分析或者报告中有意误导他人的一类行为。

3. Although the overall low response rate to this survey limits its generalizability, the high proportion of respondents knowing about fraudulent projects provided the primary motivation for this report.

尽管这项调查的整体较低的回复率不利于其普适性，但是回复者中知道某些学术项目涉及欺诈的人占比非常高，而这一点为这份报告提供了最初的研究动力。

4. In our instructions we attempted to distinguish between fraud and carelessness, and we requested that poor methodology and borderline practices not be considered fraud.

在我们的指导意见中，我们对学术欺诈和疏忽失误进行了严格的区分，同时我们也建议糟糕的研究方法和一些压线行为不应该直接认为是欺诈。

5. It appears that the scientific community quickly recognizes and avoids citations from work known, or suspected, to be fraudulent.

看起来学术界可以迅速认定和避免来自已知或者疑似学术欺诈的研究的引用。

6. Improved education, emphasizing ethical standards in research and more and better systems for handling suspected fraud could be expected to play roles in prevention.

可以期待的是，教育的强化，对研究道德规范的进一步强调以及更多更好的处理疑似学术欺诈的体制建设将在预防（学术欺诈中）发挥作用。